Battery plate

ABSTRACT

A manganese or chromium doped positive plate for a lead acid battery, and a method of manufacturing the same is disclosed. Also disclosed is a lead acid battery containing manganese or chromium in the electrolyte. The doped positive plate has increased cycle life, hardness, and resistance to shedding of the active material.

This is a continuation, of application Ser. No. 904,436 filed May 9,1978 now abandoned.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to storage batteries and more specificallyto lead-acid type batteries incorporating small amounts of manganese orchromium* to increase cycle life, hardness, and resistance to sheddingof the positive plate.

The positive plates of secondary batteries usually are formed by one oftwo general methods, the Plante process and the pasted plate process.The Plante process involves charging and discharging lead electrodes inan electrolytic solution, usually consisting of dilute sulfuric acid,until anodes of lead dioxide (or peroxide) and cathodes of sponge leadare formed. Oftentimes, an oxidizing agent is included within theforming electrolyte to hasten the positive plate formation by attackingthe lead and forming lead sulfate which is subsequently converted to thedesired lead dioxide.

The pasted plate process is the more commonly used method for thecommercial production of lead-acid battery positive plates since theforming time is shorter than for other methods and plates of muchgreater electrical storage capacity can be obtained. That processinvolves reacting a paste usually composed of a plurality of lead oxidesincluding for example, red lead, litharge, and the like, with dilutesulfuric acid to form a paste containing lead sulfate, basic leadsulfate and lead oxide, mechanically affixing the paste to a lead griddesigned to secure the paste from removal and then electrolyticallyoxidizing the pasted plate to form an active material comprised mainlyof lead dioxide with small amounts of lead oxide and lead sulfate. Thelead sulfate is desirably present in minor quantities as required toprovide a paste having the desired final bulk, and also to serve abinding function.

In U.S. Pat. No. 292,414 (1883) and U.S. Pat. No. 434,458 (1890),manganese compounds in relatively large quantities were disclosed asoxidizing agents to reduce the amount of time necessary to form thePlante electrodes and increase their capacity. In U.S. Pat. No. 566,231(1898) and U.S. Pat. No. 911,141 (1909), manganese compounds aredisclosed as binding agents for the active material. U.S. Pat. No.1,640,922 (1927) claims an electrode paste containing 12 percentmanganese peroxide to prevent discharge of the electrodes whenopen-circuited or dry-stored.

Chromates have also been used as oxidizing agents*, and it has beenreported that ammonium chromate doubles the life of the positive activematerial.** On the other hand, research published in 1922*** reportedthat manganese caused rapid self-discharge of lead-acid batteries andsevere deterioration of the positive plates. Several years later, Vinaland Altrup**** reported that manganese was particularly destructive tothe positive plates. Manganese further exhibits a strong and corrosiveoxidizing action on some organic materials that may be used in abattery, such as wood separators. Therefore, storage batteryspecifications since the 1920's typically set maximum manganese impuritylevels in lead oxides for electrodes at 0.3 part***** per million (ppm)and in sulfuric acid electrolytes at 0.2 ppm. Chromium has beenconsidered to be detrimental in storage batteries in a manner similar tomanganese.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides a manganese or chromium treated positiveplate for a lead acid battery, and a method for producing the same. Thetreated positive plate consists essentially of a lead or lead alloygrid, a composite of lead dioxide, and from 0.1 to 0.4 percent ofmanganese or chromium, calculated as the metal, based upon the weight ofthe plate. The plate is manufactured by immersing a lead or lead alloygrid pasted with a typical battery plate paste composition in anelectrolyte containing from 1.8×10⁻⁴ to 9.1×10⁻² gram atoms per liter ofmanganese, chromium, or both, and then applying an electric currentthereto. Contrary to the understanding in the industry, such plates,treated with manganese, chromium, or both, in the above described narrowrange of proportions have increased cycle life, hardness, and resistanceto shedding of the active material as compared to non-treated positiveplates. It will be understood that batteries containing such plates mustnecessarily be made with separators and other ancillary components thatwill not interfere with the action of manganese or chromium. Forexample, separator plates, battery cases and other components made ofmicroporous polyethylene and polyvinyl chloride respectively have beenfound to be operable.

The invention also provides a lead acid battery containing at least onepositive plate as above-described, as well as a battery containing atleast one standard positive plate, comprised of a lead or lead alloygrid pasted with a lead oxide composition and immersed in an electrolytecontaining from 1.8×10⁻⁴ to 9.1×10⁻² gram atom per liter of manganese,chromium or both.

EXAMPLE I

Two lead-calcium-tin (weight ratio 99.92:0.08:1.00) grids, each 0.070inch thick, were pasted with a medium density paste of lead oxide andair dried. The pasted grids were then soaked for seventeen hours insulfuric acid having a specific gravity (Sp.Gr.) of 1.100, and chargedfor 96 hours at the rate of 2 amperes per pound of dry paste. The formedplates so produced were cycled in separate tanks containing 1.210 Sp.Gr.sulfuric acid and 9.1×10⁻³ gram atom per liter of manganese, added asMnSO₄.H₂ O. For purposes of comparison, but not in accordance with thepresent invention, two other plates were similarly formed and cycled,but in a cycling bath which contained sulfuric acid only.

The plates were cycled by discharging at 1.75 amperes (approximately the5-hour rate) and recharged for 17-18 hours at constant current toprovide about 10% overcharge. The initial capacity of the plates wasabout ten ampere hours. The cycling of each pair of plates was continueduntil the capacity of one of the plates in the pair dropped to 2ampere-hours. The number of cycles occuring before the capacity droppedto 2 ampere-hours is used herein as the cycle life of the plate, or inthis case the cycle life of the pair. The life in cycles of the positiveplates cycled in sulfuric acid containing Mn was 2.64 times that of thecontrol (Control I). Furthermore, plates cycled in Mn provided 2.22times more total energy over the cycle life, measured in ampere-hours,than Control I.

EXAMPLES II-V

The experiment described in Example I was duplicated as Examples II-V,except that the cycling tanks contained 1.8×10⁻⁴, 1.8×10⁻³, 1.8×10⁻² and9.1×10⁻² gram atoms per liter of manganese, respectively, added asMnSO₄. H₂ O. The ratios of cycle life and total energy out-put of eachpair of experimental plates to those for the Control I plates, are shownin the following Table:

                  TABLE I                                                         ______________________________________                                               Concentration                                                                 Of Manganese                                                                              Cycle Life                                                        (Gram Atoms)                                                                              (Example/  Total Energy Output                             Example                                                                              Per Liter)  Control I) (Example/Control I)                             ______________________________________                                         II    1.8 × 10.sup.-4                                                                     1.18       1.03                                            III    1.8 × 10.sup.-3                                                                     1.55       1.41                                            IV     1.8 × 10.sup.-2                                                                     1.82       1.60                                             V     9.1 × 10.sup.-2                                                                     3.00       2.22                                            ______________________________________                                    

EXAMPLE VI

A lead-calcium-tin grid 0.070 inch thick was pasted with a mediumdensity paste of lead oxide, as described in Example I, but the platewas subsequently cured at high humidity and a temperature of about80°-100° C. rather than air dried. The high temperature and humiditycure is known to develop different types of compounds in the paste thanlow temperature cures (see e.g. B. P. Varma and C. W. Fleischmann, J.Electrochem. Soc., 124, 718 (1977).) The plate was formed by soaking itfor 16 hours in 1.100 Sp.Gr. sulfuric acid and was charged for 96 hoursat the rate of 2 amperes per pound of dry paste. The plate was cycled asdescribed in Example I in 1.210 Sp.Gr. sulfuric acid containing 9.1×10⁻³gram atom per liter of manganese, added in the form of manganese sulfatemonohydrate. For purposes of comparison, but not in accordance with thepresent invention, a control plate (Control VI) was similarly formed andcycled, except that the cycling bath contained sulfuric acid only. Thecycle life of the manganese treated plate was 1.84 times that of theplate cycled in sulfuric acid only.

EXAMPLE VII

A lead-antimony grid (Pb-95.7 percent, Sb-3.25 percent Sn-0.4 percent,As-0.5 percent, Cd-0.1 percent and Cu-0.05 percent) 0.070 inch thick waspasted with a medium density paste of lead oxide and air dried. Theplate was formed by soaking it for 16 hours in 1.100 Sp.Gr. sulfuricacid and then charging it for 96 hours at the rate of 2 amperes perpound of dry paste. The plate was cycled in 1.210 Sp.Gr. sulfuric acidcontaining 9.1×10⁻³ gram atoms per liter of manganese added in the formof manganese sulfate monohydrate; in cycling, the discharge was at afive hour rate with a current of 1.75 amperes and the recharge was at aconstant current for 18 hours. For purposes of comparison, but not inaccordance with the present invention, a control plate (Control VII) wassimilarly formed and cycled, except that the cycling bath containedsulfuric acid only; the capacity of the manganese treated plate on thetenth cycle was 10 percent higher than that of the control. At the endof the life of the control, the capacity of the treated plate was 2.72times that of the control plate. The cycle life of the treated plate wassubstantially 20 percent longer than that of the control.

EXAMPLE VIII

A three-cell five-plate battery, constructed from lead-calcium gridspasted with a medium density lead oxide paste was assembled. The calciumcontent of the grids was 0.03 percent. The plates were soaked for sixhours in 1.180 Sp.Gr. sulfuric acid and then formed in 1.180 Sp.Gr.sulfuric acid by charging them for 96 hours at the rate of 2 amperes perpound of dry paste. Following the formation, the cells were repeatedlydischarged and charged in 1.210 Sp.Gr. sulfuric acid until each of thecells gave comparable repeated values for capacity. Manganese sulfatemonohydrate in 1.210 Sp.Gr. sulfuric acid was then added to two of thecells to produce manganese concentrations of 3.6×10⁻³ and 9.1×10⁻³ gramatoms per liter, respectively, in the electrolyte therein; the manganesewas mixed with the acid and the specific gravity of the acid in eachcell was adjusted to 1.210. The battery was then discharged and chargedaccording to the following schedule until the first indication ofshorting occurred:

Discharge--4 minutes at 62.5 amperes

Rest--2 minutes

Charge--22 minutes at 14.4 amperes

Rest--2 minutes

The weight loss, or amount of shedding, of each positive plate wasdetermined. The positive plate in the cell containing 3.6×10⁻³ gramatoms per liter of manganese had 19 percent less shedding than thecontrol positive plate in the cell containing pure sulfuric acid. Thepositive plate in the cell containing 9.1×10⁻³ gram atoms per liter ofmanganese had 37 percent less shedding than the control plate.

EXAMPLE IX

The steps in Example VIII were repeated, except that the battery gridswere of the lead-antimony type. The positive plate in the cellcontaining 3.6×10⁻³ gram atoms per liter of manganese had 35 percentless shedding, and that in the cell containing 9.1×10⁻³ gram atoms perliter of manganese had 42 percent less shedding than the control plate.

EXAMPLES X AND XI

Two lead-calcium-tin grids of 0.070 inch thickness were pasted with ahigh density water paste of yellow lead oxide. The paste was treated athigh humidity and elevated temperature to effect conversion of theyellow oxide to the red oxide which forms electrochemically morereadily. The plates were soaked for 17 hours and then charged for 96hours, at the rate of 2 amperes per pound of dry paste in 1.100 Sp.Gr.sulfuric acid containing 9.1×10⁻³ gram atoms per liter of manganese,added in the form of manganese sulfate monohydrate. One of the plates(Example XI) was then taken out of the forming bath and cycled inanother tank containing sulfuric acid, specific gravity of 1.210. Theother plate (Example X) was retained for chemical analysis. In cycling,the discharge was at a five hour rate with a current of 1.75 amperes,and the recharge was at a constant current for eighteen hours.

For purposes of comparison, but not in accordance with the presentinvention, two control plates were similarly formed except that theforming bath contained pure sulfuric acid only, and one (Control XI) wassimilarly cycled. The remaining control plate (Control X) was retainedfor chemical analysis. Although the capacity per cycle for both cycledplates was similar in the initial cycles, the capacity of the controlplate subsequently began to drop relative to that of the treated plate,such that, at the end of the life of the control plate, the capacity ofthe manganese formed plate was 3.3 times as great as that of thecontrol. Chemical analysis of each of the plates for Mn is given on thefollowing Table:

    ______________________________________                                                          Mn CONTENT                                                                    (WEIGHT PERCENT)                                            ______________________________________                                        Example X, not cycled                                                                             0.2                                                       Example XI, at the end of the                                                                     0.2                                                       life of the control                                                           Control X, not cycled                                                                             0.0                                                       Control XI, at the end of its                                                                     0.0                                                       life                                                                          ______________________________________                                    

EXAMPLE XII

Two lead-calcium-tin grids of 0.060 inch thickness were pasted, soaked,formed and cycled as described in Example X, except that the formingbath contained 9.1×10⁻³ gram atoms per liter of chromium, added as achromate, rather than manganese. For purposes of comparison, but not inaccordance with the present invention, two control plates (Control XII)were similarly soaked, formed, and cycled except that the forming bathcontained pure sulfuric acid only.

Based upon the chromium concentration in the forming bath afterformation, the formed plates were calculated to contain 0.33 percentchromium. At the end of the life of the control plates, the chromiumtreated plates had an average capacity 4.2 times greater than theaverage for the control plates.

EXAMPLE XIII

The procedure in Example XII was repeated, except that the forming bathcontained 9.1×10⁻² gram atoms per liter of chromium. The formed plateswere calculated to contain 3.3 percent chromium. The chromium treatedplates, after the number of cycles corresponding to end of life for theControl XII plates, had an average capacity per cycle 2.6 times greaterthan the average for Control XII, above.

It will be apparent that various changes and modifications can be madefrom the specific details of the invention as set forth in the foregoingdiscussion, including the Examples, without departing from the spiritand scope of the invention, as defined in the appended claims.

What I claim is:
 1. A positive plate for a lead acid battery, said plateconsisting essentially of a lead or lead alloy grid, a compositioncontaining lead dioxide, and from 0.1 to 0.4 percent based upon theweight of said plate, of at least one element selected from the groupconsisting of manganese and chromium, said element having beenintroduced by electrolysis into said plate from solution in anelectrolyte.
 2. A positive plate for a lead acid battery, as defined inclaim 1, said plate containing from 0.15 to 0.3 percent of said element.3. A positive plate for a lead acid battery, as defined in claim 1, saidplate containing 0.2 percent of manganese.
 4. A positive plate for alead acid battery, as defined in claim 1, said plate containing about0.3 percent of chromium.
 5. A lead acid storage battery including atleast one negative plate, at least one positive plate, and anelectrolyte, said positive plate consisting essentially of a lead orlead alloy grid, a composition containing lead dioxide, and from 0.1 to0.4 percent, based upon the weight of said positive plate, of at leastone element selected from the group consisting of manganese andchromium, said element having been introduced by electrolysis into saidplates from solution in an electrolyte.
 6. A lead acid battery includingat least one negative plate, at least one positive plate, and anelectrolyte, said positive plate consisting essentially of a lead orlead alloy grid, a composition containing lead dioxide and an amounteffective to increase battery cycle life of at least one elementselected from the group consisting of manganese and chromium, saidelement having been introduced by electrolysis into said plates fromsolution in said electrolyte, and said electrolyte housing originallycontained from 1.8×10⁻⁴ to 9.1×10⁻² gram per liter of at least oneelement selected from the group consisting of manganese and chromium. 7.A lead acid storage battery as defined in claim 6 wherein theelectrolyte is sulfuric acid.